GLP-1 receptor agonists are used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity.
The medication helps regulate blood sugar, support weight loss, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Nevertheless, doctors observe that some patients experience significant benefits, while others see only limited effects.
A review in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology examines whether the difference may be linked to the gut microbiome — the billions of bacteria that live in the digestive system.
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According to the authors, variations in bacterial composition may be part of the explanation for the differing treatment outcomes.
The role of the gut
Gut bacteria break down dietary fiber and produce so-called short-chain fatty acids.
These substances can stimulate the release of the hormone GLP-1 in the intestine. The hormone plays an important role in regulating insulin, appetite, and blood sugar.
Bacteria also influence the body’s bile acids, which may affect the production of GLP-1.
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If the microbiome is imbalanced, it can lead to inflammation-like conditions in the body, which may impair insulin sensitivity.
However, the researchers emphasize that much of this knowledge is based on animal experiments and laboratory studies.
Medication affects bacteria
The review also shows that GLP-1 medication can alter the composition of gut bacteria.
Several studies have identified changes in specific bacterial groups during treatment.
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In a small study involving 52 people with type 2 diabetes, patients with particular bacterial profiles at baseline experienced greater reductions in long-term blood sugar levels. However, the results are preliminary.
Overall, the research points to a close interaction between medication and the microbiome.
Larger and longer-term studies are needed to determine the significance for patients.
Sources: News Medical, and British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.
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