They might all just look like “spots,” but knowing whether you have a freckle, an age spot, or a mole can make a big difference. Especially because some skin marks can be early signs of skin cancer. Here’s what researchers say you should know.
What Are Freckles?
Freckles are flat, small brown spots (medically known as ephelides) that often appear on people with lighter skin and hair. They’re caused by increased melanin production when the skin is exposed to sunlight. While they often become more visible in summer, they usually fade with age or less sun exposure.
What Causes Freckles?
Freckles are caused by clusters of pigment cells reacting to UV exposure. People with certain genetic traits (like the MC1R gene) are more likely to develop them. They’re harmless but indicate a higher sensitivity to sun exposure and a slightly increased risk of skin damage.
What Are Age Spots?
Also called liver spots or solar lentigines, age spots are flat, round, and often larger than freckles. Despite the name, they have nothing to do with the liver. They appear after long-term sun exposure, especially on areas like the face, shoulders, and hands.
Do Age Spots Go Away?
Unlike freckles, age spots don’t fade with less sun. In fact, they may darken over time. While they are generally harmless, many people choose to remove them for cosmetic reasons using laser treatments or creams. Changes in shape or color, however, should be checked by a doctor.
What Are Moles?
Moles are clusters of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) that appear anywhere on the body. They can be flat or raised and vary in color from pale to almost black. Moles can be congenital or appear over time due to hormonal changes or sun exposure.
How Many Moles Are Normal?
Most adults have between 10 and 40 moles. Some people may have 50 or more, especially if they have a genetic predisposition. Moles are usually harmless, but some can turn into malignant melanoma — the most dangerous form of skin cancer.
When Should You Worry About a Mole?
Use the ABCDE rule to spot warning signs:
- Asymmetry: One half doesn’t match the other.
- Border: Irregular or jagged edges.
- Color: Multiple colors in one mole.
- Diameter: Larger than 6 mm.
- Evolution: Changes in size, shape, color, or elevation.
Are Any of These Dangerous?
Freckles and age spots are typically benign, but any skin mark that changes in shape, color, or size should be seen by a dermatologist. Especially if a mole begins to itch, bleed, or grow.
How Can You Prevent Skin Damage?
Avoid the sun when UV rays are strongest, wear SPF 50 daily (even when cloudy), and cover up with hats and long-sleeved clothing. These habits reduce your risk of sun damage and skin cancer.
Why Skin Awareness Matters
Many people struggle to distinguish between harmless spots and potential skin cancers.
Early detection is key. Regular skin checks — both at home and with a doctor — can help catch changes early and protect your long-term health.