Growing up at a different pace than classmates is often seen as a normal part of childhood. But new research suggests that entering puberty earlier than most peers may have consequences that go beyond physical development.
A large Danish study from Aarhus University has found that children who experience puberty earlier than their peers face a higher risk of developing depressive symptoms and being diagnosed with depression later in adolescence, reports Ritzau.
The research followed more than 16,000 Danish children and teenagers over several years and was led by PhD researcher Thea Emily Benson and Professor Cecilia Ramlau-Hansen from the Department of Public Health.
Girls face the strongest link
The findings show the association was strongest among girls. Those who developed breasts or experienced their first menstrual period earlier than most girls their age were more likely to later receive a diagnosis of depression.
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The study also found an increased risk among boys. Earlier pubic hair growth, an earlier first ejaculation and an earlier voice change were all associated with a greater likelihood of depressive symptoms or a depression diagnosis compared with boys who entered puberty at a more typical age.
- Girls with earlier breast development had a 27% higher risk of depression.
- Early menstruation was linked to a 36% higher risk.
- Boys with earlier pubic hair growth had a 66% higher risk of receiving a depression diagnosis.
- Early first ejaculation was associated with a 51% higher risk, while an earlier voice change was linked to more moderate to severe depressive symptoms.
More research is needed
The researchers stress that early puberty does not mean a child will inevitably develop depression. Instead, the findings show that the risk is higher than among young people who begin puberty around the same time as most of their peers.
The next step is to determine which biological and social factors may explain the relationship. The research team also hopes to establish whether the increased risk continues into adulthood or is mainly limited to the teenage years.
The findings highlight the importance of paying close attention to the mental wellbeing of children who mature earlier than expected, allowing families, schools and healthcare professionals to identify potential challenges at an earlier stage.
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